Social Media And Its Effect On Communication - 1361 Words

During a crisis, social media channels such as blogs, Facebook pages and instant messages can be used to keep stakeholders updated, stay connected with stakeholders, and collectively find a solution to overcome a crisis (Ulmer et al., 2015). While a number of social media characteristics are typically considered before its adoption in communication activities, three characteristics are mentioned more frequently in communication literature. In most crisis communication studies, speed, ease of reach and a personalized conversation are recognized advantages of social media. These particular advantages were supported by Schultz and colleagues (2012) in their review of the existing literature on this topic. Compared to traditional media, which†¦show more content†¦Moreover, Ruehl and Ingenhoff (2015) asserted that by sharing information on organization-owned social media channels, an organization can see immediate results of their efforts, enjoy increases in the number of followe rs or â€Å"likes,† in the number of conversations (posts on Facebook wall), and in amplification (â€Å"shares† of a post among networks). Ruehl and Ingenhoff (2015) believe that communicating corporate values on social media can increase stakeholder engagement with an organization. As a result, many scholars agree that the interactivity and swiftness of social media have made it a preferred choice for organizations to communicate with stakeholders (Capriotti Kuklinski, 2012). Additionally, as a collection of online channels, social media has five distinct features, detailed by Coombs (2014): †¢ Participation: Any social media user can create, distribute and give feedback on content. †¢ Openness: Social media owners allow others to post and give feedback on content on their channels. †¢ Conversation: The channels facilitate dialogue. †¢ Communities: People with the same interest can form groups easily and quickly. †¢ Connectedness: One content item is heavily linked to another, thus creating a â€Å"web† of information. Combined, these five features allow social media users to reach one another easily and conveniently. In times of crisis, this ease of reach can be both an advantage and disadvantage to organizations. On one hand, it provides organizations an opportunityShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Effect On Communication1269 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media and social networking seems to be play an imperative part in individuals lives around the world. Not only is it part of your everyday life, but it is also about of the workforce world as well. Many can debate whether social media is crippling or in fact improving our communication skills. Perhaps sitting behind a computer communicating with our family and friends seems to be getting easier. However, what happen to the days where one would have to pick up the phone and reach out to theirRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Communication Essay2086 Words   |  9 Pagesthat social media has become the new form of verbal communication. T hough it may seem much less time consuming, it is often misinterpreted; what used to be a simple verbal dialog can now become a messy game of â€Å"telephone† by hiding behind a keyboard. The way people use social media to present themselves is the leading factor in miscommunication and false self-disclosure. On the other end, social media has many benefits in connecting people all over the world. The actual use of social media when communicatingRead MoreEffects of social media on communication skills1675 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Social Media on Communication Skills May 20, 2013 Abstract This paper summarizes the effects of social media on hindering communication skills and reducing social activity in the world. Each reason is supported by evidence by referring to four published books and some articles online. It focuses mainly on social media via the Web, such as, Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace, to which many of the youth are exposed to nowadays, and this exposure has led to addiction. ThisRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1644 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s day in age almost everyone has some form of social media. Many people have more than one. Whether it is Facebook, Twitter or some other form. We all use it to express and communicate our thoughts and feelings about ourselves and the world. Because of this many people do not know how to communicate face to face anymore and many times even hide behind their keyboard. Keller (2013), Quotes Paul Booth an assistant professor of media and cinema studies saying â€Å"There has been a shift in th eRead MoreThe Effect of Social Media on Relationships1718 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Effect of Social Media on Relationships New communication technologies are changing the lives of everyone around the world, including the way people foster relationships. Yet, from Psychology Today to The New York Times editorial page, everyone is weighing in on the harmful effects of social media on relationships. Criticisms include the danger of isolation, the loss of social etiquette, and the possibility of being misled by web-based information posted on Internet forums like FacebookRead MoreHow Social Media Improved Communication? Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesThe social media is one of the most common ways of communication and pretty much of knowing anything and everything around the world these days, and it is growing very rapidly. It changes and affects each person in a different way, or ways. Some may argue that social media has a bad influence on children and young adults, and that it negatively effects their brains, character, or personalities, while most people see that the social media has a more positive eff ect on them than a negative one. MoreoverRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1716 Words   |  7 PagesTwitter, Instagram, and many other social media sites, these changed the way that we communicate with one another. Social platforms allow people to share events of their own lives, through posting photos, leaving comments, updating their status, and many others. For example, â€Å"As of today, there are a little over 322 million people that live in the United States, 64% of whom own a smartphone. This means that approximately 206 million people have access to social media, anywhere at any time. FurthermoreRead MoreSocial Media Has A Positive Effect On People s Life943 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Media is website and application which allow operators to connect and share information with different people around the world. For instance, Facebook, Twitter, and Google are some of the social media networks that became popular in most countries over the decades. The use of the so cial media seems not to be the source of happiness among people’s lives. Individuals are mostly like to avoid to use social media because they believe that it had negative effects such as cyberbullying and misinformationRead MoreThe Uses And Gratifications Research Of Mass Communication Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesgratifications research of Mass Communication is still relevant in the modern world as well as considering the possibility that the Era of Mass Communication has ended completely. According to Thomas E. Ruggiero, the uses and gratifications are evolving to approach towards the new mass communication form, from the early years of newspaper, radio and television, and now the Internet (Ruggiero, 2000). These technologies are used to reach large audiences for media purposes. Internet and social networking has becomeRead MoreEssay about Week Three Assignment Hca 3201284 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Communication Methods HCS/320 June 17, 2013 Lyubov Kiseleva Axia College of University of Phoenix Every day in the health care field, professional have to choose the most effective communication method when communicating to other professionals, patients, patient families, and the general public. Different circumstances have very specific methods of communication that need to be utilized for communication to be effective. Furthermore, in the health care field the regulations

Interpersonal Communication Skills - 622 Words

1 Running head: RESEARCH ON FOETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME IN LIGHT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT. 1 Research on foetal Alcohol syndrome in light of the South African context. South African College of Applied Psychology2 Class: I Due Date: RESEARCH ON FOETAL SYNDROME IN LIGHT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT. 3 4 Table of contents5 Table of contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........................................................2 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Definition of FAS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Characteristics of FAS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 How does Alcohol affect the brain†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 How is a baby with FAS†¦show more content†¦Poverty, Unemployment and Health problems are the other contributory factors of FAS. Definition of FAS Foetal Alcohol Syndrome is a Pattern of mental and physical defects that develop in a foetus during pregnancy in association with high level of Alcohol consumption during pregnancy. When pregnant women consume alcohol during pregnancy it is carried to all her organs and her tissues including the placenta. The placenta ‘s function is to protect the foetus and provide nourishment from the mother to the Foetus, Alcohol is able to cross the placenta membrane and it is the transported to all developing tissues of the foetus. Characteristics of Foetal Alcohol Syndrome * Growth Deficiency Poor growth in length, head circumference and weight, which start in the womb and continues after birth. * Central Nervous System Delayed development or mental handicap, which ranges from borderline to severe. Learning difficulties Poor School performance Short concentration span Poor Memory Hyperactive Behavior and Poor judgment. * Facial Features Small eyes with folds at the inner aspects of the eyes. Saddle Nose, known as a flattened nasal bridge with upturned nostrils. A small lower jaw. A smooth upper lip with absence of the normal groove under the nose known as ‘Philtrum’ RESEARCH ON FOETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME IN LIGHT OFShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication Skill Of Feedback983 Words   |  4 PagesThe interpersonal communication skill of feedback is essential for hospital nurses to give a suitable care to each patient because it enables the nurses to learn, and improve their motivation, performance and efficiency that assist to achieve their goal which is to help the patients heal. The interpersonal communication skill of feedback is a system of conveying information between two people regarding the receiver’s performance (Baker et al. 2013). In general, feedback is employed to deliver informationRead MoreThe Importance Of The Three Skills Interpersonal Communication Skills1850 Words   |  8 Pagesestablish the importance of the three skills interpersonal communication skills; listening, feedback, and questioning. Benefits of each of these interpersonal skills within the field of engineering were also stated. This report collected infor mation from a range of peer reviewed sources and credible sources related to the field of engineering. This report has outlined a variety of benefits and explanations regarding the three interpersonal communication skills of listening, feedback and questioningRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Skills And The Math Class972 Words   |  4 Pages Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) observed in the math class. One of the first examples where I noticed BICS taking place was at the beginning of class time. As the students set up their desks and chalk boards, they were all loudly conversy about whatever they deemed fit. This is considered a BICS because the students were interpersonally conversing within the classroom about subjects related and unrelated to the math class with one another. For example, This BICS example wasRead MoreImportance of Interpersonal Communication Skills in Healthcare Professions1558 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Interpersonal Communicat ion sills in Healthcare Professions Interpersonal communication is a fundamental element to any healthcare interaction. First, second and third person communication skills are primary aspects of an interaction, encompassing both verbal and non-verbal communication skills. It will be argued that rapport building and questioning are vital interpersonal skills in a healthcare context and possessing the ability to ensue a positive relationship between a healthcareRead MoreThe Role Of Interpersonal Communication Skills For Development And The Process2009 Words   |  9 Pagesreport. Although Collaborative Communication Competence Scale (CCCS) could gave me the result of my communication problems, but it did not provide satisfactory understanding or clarify the reason why they thought that I needed to practice those skills. As Purhonen, Rouhiainen-Neunhà ¤userer and Valkonen (2010) explained that ‘this kind of measurement seemed to be influenced by the cultural, individual and relationships specific factors such as t he variety of communication goals or shared experiences ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Interpersonal Communication Through The Implementation Of Listening, Feedback And Questioning Skills1270 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefits of interpersonal communication through the implementation of listening, feedback and questioning skills. This report additionally addresses recommendations in regard to the effectiveness of interpersonal communication skills being employed as an Events Coordinator. This report was authorized by the Professional Conference Organisers (PCO) representing the interests of event coordinators, managers and planners Australia wide. 1.2 Scope and Methodology The interpersonal communication skills of listeningRead MoreAnger Response Inventory To Evaluate The Effect Of Shame And Guilt On Interpersonal Communication Skills746 Words   |  3 Pagesthe anger response inventory to evaluate the effect of shame and guilt on interpersonal communication skills. American Journal of Health Education, 35(3), 152-157. DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2004.10603631. Introduction/ Purpose: We know that positive interpersonal skills are good and teaching those skills is important (Joint Committee on Health Education Standards, 1995). Shame is related to negative reactions in interpersonal conflicts (Balcom, 1991), and has contributed to mental illnesses like depressionRead More Communication and Interpersonal Skills1495 Words   |  6 Pagesassignment is to critique a role play, and look at the positive and negative, that relates theory and knowledge regarding the use of communication and interpersonal skills, and how and when to use verbal, non-verbal and Para-verbal communication within the role play scenario that was chosen. The author will also discuss the different models of Communication, and how they use a person centred approach to counsel and interact, and how best to handle and approach a situation in the correctRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And Communication Skills976 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal Communication is inevitable; we cannot go through our lives without interacting with another person. Our daily interactions with others can form new friendships, strengthen our relationship with our partner, or even attain new ideas that we otherwise would not have known of if we never interacted that person. While some of our daily interactions may only be impersonal communication, or interacting with someone based on their role, such as a sales clerk, interpersonal communication helpsRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Skills9471 Words   |  38 PagesINTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS THAT ENHANCE ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT Mary Bambacas and Margaret Patrickson Abstract The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, to investigate the interpersonal communication skills that human resource (HR) managers expect managers in supervisory positions possess. Second, to identify which of these skills HR managers expect managers use to engender subordinate commitment to the organisation. Third, the paper aims to investigate what interpersonal communication

Payroll Free Essays

Payroll In a company, payroll is the sum of all financial records of salaries for an employee, wages, bonuses and deductions. In accounting, payroll refers to the amount paid to employees for services they provided during a certain period of time. Payroll plays a major role in a company for several reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Payroll or any similar topic only for you Order Now From an accounting perspective, payroll is crucial because payroll and payroll taxes considerably affect the net income of most companies and they are subject to laws and regulations. Definition of ‘Payroll’ The sum total of all compensation that a business must pay to its employees for a set period of time or on a given date. Payroll is usually managed by the accounting department of a business. Small-business payrolls may be handled directly by the owner or an associate. Investopedia explains ‘Payroll’ Payroll can also refer to the list of employees of a business and the amount of compensation that is due to each of them. Payroll Is a major expense for most businesses and Is almost always deductible as such. Payroll can differ from one pay period to another due to overtime, sick pay and other variables. The primary mission of the payroll department Is to ensure that all employees are paid accurately and timely with the correct withholdings and deductions, and to ensure the withholdings and deductions are remitted In a timely manner. This includes salary payments, tax withholdings, and deductions from a paycheck. Companies typically generate their payrolls at regular Intervals, for the enefit of regular Income to their employees. The regularity of the Intervals varies from company to company, and sometimes between Job grades within a given company. Common payroll frequencies Include: dally, weekly, bl-weekly/fortnlghtly (once every two weeks), semi-monthly (twice per month), and to a somewhat lesser extent, monthly. Less common payroll frequencies Include: 4-weekly (13 times per year), bl-monthly (once every two months), quarterly (once every 13 weeks), semi- annually (twice per year), and annually. How to cite Payroll, Papers

Analysis And Proposal confidence prediction - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis And Proposal confidence prediction. Answer: Article analysis The title of the article is A Burkholderia Type VI Effector Deamidates Rho GTPases to Activate the Pyrin Inflammasome and Trigger Inflammation Summary Burkholderia cenocepacia is a Gram-negative environmental pathogen that causes opportunistic infections in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (Juhas et al., 2012). The type VI secretion system of B. cenocepacia is required for its pathogenesis (Rosales-Reyes et al., 2012). This secretion system inactivates the Rho type GTPases, thereby causing downregulation of the phagocytic activity of macrophages, blocks assesmbly of the NADPH oxidase onto the vacuole containing the B. cenocepacia and also causes disruption of the actin cytoskeleton of macrophages (Rosales?Reyes et al., 2012; Toesca, French Miller, 2014). It also causes activation of the secretion of interlekins (IL)-1/18, macrophage pyroptosis and caspase 1 inflammasome (Gavrilin et al., 2012). This study identifies a non VgrG type VI secretion system effector molecule responsible for disruption of the actin cytoskeleton of macrophages. This Type VI secretion system effector is termed as TecA. This TecA effector causes d eamidation of of the Rho-GTPases. The target amino acid of TecA is asparagine. Deamidation of the asparagines 41 causes inactivation of the GTPases and eventual disruption of the actin cytoskeleton of host macrophages. Deamidation of RhoA by TecA causes activation of the Pyrin inflammasome, which in turn causes inflammation in the lungs. Thus, this study characterizes TecA and identifies its role as a non-VgrG type VI secretion system effector and carries out modification of the eukaryotic host, thereby causing host cell death and inflammation. Knowledge gap addressed and the main thesis of the article Very few reports are available regarding the characterization of Type VI secretion system effectors belonging to the non-VgrG family (Jiang et al., 2014; Miyata et al., 2013). Moreover, the physiological functions of the few non-VgrG family Type VI secretion system effectors reported were not identified (Valvano et al., 2015). Moreover, no reports were previously present that dealt with Type VI secretion system effectors of B. cenocepacia that can carry out disruption of the actin cytoskeletons of macrophages, thereby altering their physiology. The main thesis of the paper is to identify and characterize the mechanism of action of the Type VI secretion system effector TecA in B. cenocepacia pathogenesis. Hypothesis and Experimental methods The hypothesis for the first figure is the identification of the tecA gene encoding a non-VgrG family Type VI secretion system effector that can carry out alterations in host targets. The first hypothesis deals with the genetic mapping of tecA, which was found to be located in the chromosome 2 of B. cenocepacia K56-2 strain. B. cenocepacia tecA mutants when infected into macrophages produced a bead like appearance phenotype, which got abolished when tecA was expressed in trans through a plasmid. Thus, it was found that mutation of TecA affected its ability to carry out actin rearrangements. The hypothesis for the second figure identifies the target of TecA. It was found that TecA causes RhoA deamidation at the asparagines residue located at position 41. Mass spectrometry helped to identify the amino acid that is modified in RhoA. The hypothesis for figure 3 is that TecA is highly essential for deamidation of Rho and when mutated cannot carry out deamidation. Complementation of the te cA mutant with TecA expressed from a plasmid helped to induce RhoA modifiucation and mass spectrometry helped to show that asparagines at position 41 of RhoA gets converted to aspartic acid by TecA. Moreover, Rac1 was found to be modified at position 39, which is homologous to RhoA that undergoes modification at position 41. The hypothesis of the fourth figure is that TecA is a deamidases that modifies Rho type GTPases. BLAST analysis was carried out to determine the other TecA orthologs. Homologs were also identified. A conserved Cys-His-Asp sequence were identified, where the cysteine acts a s a nucleophile. Moreover, in silico modeling were also carried out. The hypothesis for the fifth figure is that RhoA deamidation activates the Pyrin inflammasomes. Mutation of tecA was unable to cause caspase 1 activation, interleukin secretion and pyroptosis. However, mutation of the residues of the catalytic triad resulted in loss of function of TecA. The hypothesis for the last figure is t hat TecA causes lung inflammation and when recognized by Pyrin, it gives protection from severe lung infection in mice. Immunoblotting and ELISA experiments were carried out. The results were highly compelling as these helped to identify the mechanism of action of TecA and also the targets that are modified by TecA in eukaryotic hosts. Conclusion The article is highly compelling as it for the first time helps to demonstrate the effects of a non-VgrG family type VI secretion system effector TecA in the pathogenesis of B. cenocepacia. This study carries out the experiments in mice models, but future experiments are needed to determine the effect of TecA in plant and insect models. Moreover, it is also necessary to determine whether TecA from B. cenocepacia can function in other pathogens using the Type VI secretion system. It is necessary to determine the position of TecA where the substrate RhoA binds. Research Proposal The title of my research proposal is Identification of the binding site of RhoA in the deamidase TecA in B. cenocepacia. The substrate binding site of TecA is not known, so my research objective would be to determine the binding site for RhoA in TecA. Hypothesis Hypothesis 1 The deamidase TecA has a specific binding site for its substrate RhoA. RhoA binding domains have previously been identified in other species, hence it is necessary to determine the binding site of RhoA in the deamidase TecA (Shang et al., 2012). This can be carried out by application of yeast 2 hybrid screens (Stynen et al., 2012). It will help to determine the binding site of RhoA in TecA. Hypothesis 2 The binding sequence for RhoA in TecA of B. cenocepacia shows significant homology with the other identified RhoA binding proteins. Sequence homology needs to be determined by carrying out sequence analysis using bioinformatic tools like BLAST, CLUSTALW, among others. This will help to determine the binding site sequence of TecA. Hypothesis 3 TecA carries out deamidation of RhoA in plant and insect models. To address this hypothesis, mutation of TecA will be carried out, followed by introduction of the B. cenocepacia tecA mutants in plant and insect cell lines. The ability of the mutants can be determined by its ability to carry out actin disruption in the host macrophages. For this phase contrast microscopy can be carried out. This will help to determine whether TecA has the same mechanism of action in other eukaryotic host models. Hypothesis 4 Overexpression of TecA from B. cenocepacia can complement the phenotypes of the tecA mutants in other pathogenic microorganisms. To address this hypothesis, tecA mutant of other pathogenic microorganisms can be complemented with B. cenocepacia TecA. TecA from B. cenocepacia can be cloned in an expression plasmid and overexpressed in trans in the tecA mutants in other species. Phase contrast microscopy can be carried out to determine the effects of overexpression of B. cenocepacia TecA on the stability of macrophages. This experiment will help to determine whether TecA can function in heterologous hosts as well. Bibliography Gavrilin, M. A., Abdelaziz, D. H., Mostafa, M., Abdulrahman, B. A., Grandhi, J., Akhter, A., ... Amer, A. O. (2012). Activation of the pyrin inflammasome by intracellular Burkholderia cenocepacia.The Journal of Immunology,188(7), 3469-3477. Jiang, F., Waterfield, N. R., Yang, J., Yang, G., Jin, Q. (2014). A Pseudomonas aeruginosa type VI secretion phospholipase D effector targets both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Cell host microbe,15(5), 600-610. Juhas, M., Stark, M., von Mering, C., Lumjiaktase, P., Crook, D. W., Valvano, M. A., Eberl, L. (2012). High confidence prediction of essential genes in Burkholderia cenocepacia.PloS one,7(6), e40064. Miyata, S. T., Unterweger, D., Rudko, S. P., Pukatzki, S. (2013). Dual expression profile of type VI secretion system immunity genes protects pandemic Vibrio cholerae.PLoS pathogens,9(12), e1003752. Rosales-Reyes, R., Aubert, D. F., Tolman, J. S., Amer, A. O., Valvano, M. A. (2012). Burkholderia cenocepacia type VI secretion system mediates escape of type II secreted proteins into the cytoplasm of infected macrophages.PLoS One,7(7), e41726. Rosales?Reyes, R., Skeldon, A. M., Aubert, D. F., Valvano, M. A. (2012). The Type VI secretion system of Burkholderia cenocepacia affects multiple Rho family GTPases disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and the assembly of NADPH oxidase complex in macrophages.Cellular microbiology,14(2), 255-273. Shang, X., Marchioni, F., Sipes, N., Evelyn, C. R., Jerabek-Willemsen, M., Duhr, S., ... Zheng, Y. (2012). Rational design of small molecule inhibitors targeting RhoA subfamily Rho GTPases.Chemistry biology,19(6), 699-710. Stynen, B., Tournu, H., Tavernier, J., Van Dijck, P. (2012). Diversity in genetic in vivo methods for protein-protein interaction studies: from the yeast two-hybrid system to the mammalian split-luciferase system.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,76(2), 331-382. Toesca, I. J., French, C. T., Miller, J. F. (2014). The Type VI secretion system spike protein VgrG5 mediates membrane fusion during intercellular spread by pseudomallei group Burkholderia species.Infection and immunity,82(4), 1436-1444. Valvano, M. A. (2015). Intracellular survival of Burkholderia cepacia complex in phagocytic cells.Canadian journal of microbiology,61(9), 607-615.